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CUET PG 2024 Philosophy 23rd March 2024 Shift 2 Question Paper with Solution PDF is available for download here. Students found the Western Philosophy section easy, Indian Philosophy moderate, and Logic and Reasoning difficult. The Logic and Reasoning section carried the highest weightage, and the overall difficulty level was moderate to difficult.

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CUET PG 2024 Philosophy Question Paper with Answer Key PDF

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CUET PG Philosophy 2024 Questions with Solutions

Question 1:

How many elements have been accepted by the Cārvākas as the basic constituents of the Universe?

One
Two
Four
Five

Correct Answer: (3) Four

View Solution

The Cārvāka school of philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, adopts a materialistic worldview. They recognize the following four elements as the basic constituents of the Universe:

Earth (Pṛthvī): Represents solidity.
Water (Āpas): Represents liquidity.
Fire (Tejas): Represents energy and heat.
Air (Vāyu): Represents movement.

The Cārvākas reject the existence of a fifth element, ether (Ākāśa), which is included in other philosophical traditions. Their philosophy emphasizes tangible and observable elements only.

Question 2:

"The soul is nothing but the conscious body." Which school of Indian philosophy propounds this idea?

Cārvāka
Yoga
Vedānta
Jaina

Correct Answer: (1) Cārvāka

View Solution

The Cārvāka school of Indian philosophy is known for its materialistic and atheistic doctrines. According to their beliefs:

The soul is not a separate, eternal entity.
Consciousness arises purely from the physical body and ceases to exist after death.
They deny the existence of an afterlife, emphasizing observable and tangible realities.

This contrasts with other Indian philosophies, which often posit the soul as eternal and distinct from the body.

Question 3:

According to which school of Indian Philosophy consciousness is NOT an essential property of Ātman?

Jaina
Nyāya
Advaita Vedānta
Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta

Correct Answer: (2) Nyāya

View Solution

The Nyāya school of Indian philosophy considers the Ātman (soul) as a non-material entity, but:

Consciousness is not an inherent property of Ātman.
It arises only in association with the mind, body, and sense organs.
Consciousness is seen as transient and dependent on the interaction between the Ātman and sensory organs.

This perspective distinguishes Nyāya from other schools like Advaita Vedānta, where consciousness is intrinsic to Ātman.

Question 4:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) Hotā/Hotṛ	(I) Ṛg
(B) Udgatā/Udgātri	(II) Sāma
(C) Adhvaryu	(III) Yajur
(D) Brahma/Brahman	(IV) Atharva

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (2) (A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)

View Solution

The roles in Vedic rituals are associated with specific Vedas:

(A) Hotā/Hotṛ belongs to Ṛg Veda.
(B) Udgatā/Udgātri belongs to Sāma Veda.
(C) Adhvaryu belongs to Yajur Veda.
(D) Brahma/Brahman belongs to Atharva Veda.

Question 5:

Which of the following are NOT 'anāstikāya dravyas'?

(A) Pudgala (Matter)
(B) Ākāśa (Space)
(C) Kāla (Time)
(D) Dharma and Adharma (Motion and Rest)

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(A), (B), (C), and (D)
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (4) (B), (C), and (D) only

View Solution

In Jain philosophy, anāstikāya dravyas refer to substances that do not occupy space. These are:

Kāla (Time)
Dharma (Medium of Motion)
Adharma (Medium of Rest)

On the other hand, Pudgala (Matter) and Ākāśa (Space) are āstikāya dravyas because they occupy space.

Question 6:

How many tanmātras have been accepted by the Sāṃkhya School of Classical Indian Philosophy?

One
Three
Five
Seven

Correct Answer: (3) Five

View Solution

The Sāṃkhya school recognizes five subtle elements (tanmātras):

Sound
Touch
Form (Sight)
Taste
Smell

These tanmātras form the building blocks of the gross elements.

Question 7:

How many Dravyas have been accepted by the Jainas?

One
Five
Seven
Nine

Correct Answer: (3) Seven

View Solution

The seven Dravyas in Jain philosophy are:

Jīva (Soul)
Ajīva (Non-Soul)
Pudgala (Matter)
Ākāśa (Space)
Dharma (Medium of Motion)
Adharma (Medium of Rest)
Kāla (Time)

Question 8:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) Mīmāṃsā Sūtra	(I) Jaimini
(B) Brahma Sūtra	(II) Bādarāyaṇa
(C) Sāṃkhya Kārikā	(III) Īśvara Kṛṣṇa
(D) Nyāya Sūtra	(IV) Gautama

(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III)
(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (3) (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)

View Solution

The correct matches are as follows:

(A) Mīmāṃsā Sūtra is attributed to Jaimini.
(B) Brahma Sūtra is authored by Bādarāyaṇa.
(C) Sāṃkhya Kārikā is composed by Īśvara Kṛṣṇa.
(D) Nyāya Sūtra is written by Gautama.

Question 9:

According to the Vedāntasāra, the sub-sects of Cārvākas identify the Self with:

(A) The Gross Body (Sthula śarīra)
(B) The Sense-Organs (Indriya)
(C) The Vital-Breath (Prāṇa)
(D) The Mental Organ (Manas)

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(A), (B), (C), and (D)
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (3) (A), (B), (C), and (D)

View Solution

The Vedāntasāra outlines that the Cārvākas identify the Self with all the materialistic aspects of existence, namely:

Gross Body (Sthula śarīra): The physical form.
Sense-Organs (Indriya): Perceptual faculties.
Vital-Breath (Prāṇa): Life force.
Mental Organ (Manas): The faculty of thought.

Hence, the Self is viewed as a composite of all these elements by the sub-sects.

Question 10:

The correct sequence found in the Causal Wheel of Dependent Origination (Dvādaśa Nidāna) is:

(A) Vedanā
(B) Tṛṣṇā
(C) Upādāna
(D) Bhāva

(A), (B), (C), (D)
(A), (C), (B), (D)
(A), (D), (B), (C)
(C), (B), (D), (A)

Correct Answer: (1) (A), (B), (C), (D)

View Solution

The Dvādaśa Nidāna represents the Buddhist theory of causation. The sequence outlined in the question is:

Vedanā (Feeling): The sensation resulting from contact with the external world.
Tṛṣṇā (Craving): The desire arising due to sensations.
Upādāna (Clinging): The attachment to desires.
Bhāva (Becoming): The state of existence resulting from clinging.

This sequence reflects the interdependence of phenomena in the cycle of birth and rebirth.

Question 11:

Which of the following Vedas are included in the 'Vedatrayi'?

(A) Ṛg
(B) Sāma
(C) Yajur
(D) Atharva

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (C), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (3) (A), (B), and (C) only

View Solution

The term 'Vedatrayi' refers to the three primary Vedas:

Ṛg Veda: Focuses on hymns and praises for deities.
Sāma Veda: Primarily consists of musical chants derived from the Ṛg Veda.
Yajur Veda: Contains prose mantras used in rituals and sacrifices.

The Atharva Veda is not included in the traditional Vedatrayi, as it was considered a later addition focusing on daily life, spells, and charms.

Question 12:

Who among the following philosophers believed that Self is nothing but a bundle of impressions?

(A) Derek Parfit
(B) David Hume
(C) Plotinus
(D) Cicero

Correct Answer: (2) David Hume

View Solution

David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, proposed that the Self is nothing but a bundle of impressions and perceptions. He denied the existence of a permanent Self, suggesting instead that the Self is merely a collection of changing sensory experiences and reflections.

Question 13:

Arrange Aristotle's four types of causes in hierarchy from lower to the highest form:

(A) Formal cause
(B) Material cause
(C) Efficient cause
(D) Final cause

(A), (B), (C), (D)
(A), (D), (C), (B)
(B), (A), (D), (C)
(B), (A), (C), (D)

Correct Answer: (4) (B), (A), (C), (D)

View Solution

Aristotle's four types of causes explain the "why" of existence and change, arranged hierarchically:

Material cause: The physical substance or matter from which something is made.
Formal cause: The shape, structure, or blueprint of a thing.
Efficient cause: The agent or process that brings a thing into being.
Final cause: The ultimate purpose or end (telos) for which a thing exists.

Question 14:

Who among the following wrote, Critique of Dialectical Reason?

(A) Hegel
(B) Sartre
(C) Karl Marx
(D) David Hume

Correct Answer: (2) Sartre

View Solution

Critique of Dialectical Reason was written by Jean-Paul Sartre, a prominent French existentialist philosopher. This work addresses issues of existentialism, Marxism, and the dialectical method in understanding history and human freedom.

Question 15:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) Mind-body interactionism	(I) Spinoza
(B) Mind-body parallelism	(II) Parfit
(C) Windowless monads	(III) Descartes
(D) Stream of psycho-physical events	(IV) Leibniz

(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (4) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

View Solution

The correct matches are:

(A) Mind-body interactionism: Descartes
(B) Mind-body parallelism: Leibniz
(C) Windowless monads: Spinoza
(D) Stream of psycho-physical events: Parfit

Question 16:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) Knowledge through perception	(I) Descartes
(B) Knowledge through reasoning with sceptic stance	(II) Bradley
(C) Knowledge through critical reasoning	(III) Locke
(D) Knowledge through intuition	(IV) Kant

(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (1) (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

View Solution

(A) Knowledge through perception: Locke is associated with empiricism, emphasizing sensory knowledge.

(B) Knowledge through reasoning with sceptic stance: Descartes is known for doubting to find certainty.

(D) Knowledge through intuition: Bradley believed in metaphysical intuition.

Question 17:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) One Pramāṇa	(I) Cārvāka
(B) Two Pramāṇa	(II) Sāṃkhya
(C) Three Pramāṇa	(III) Buddhism
(D) Six Pramāṇa	(IV) Vedānta

(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Correct Answer: (1) (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)

View Solution

(A) One Pramāṇa: Cārvāka accepts only perception (pratyakṣa).

(B) Two Pramāṇa: Sāṃkhya includes perception and inference.

(D) Six Pramāṇa: Vedānta includes perception, inference, scriptural testimony, comparison, postulation, and non-apprehension.

Question 18:

"Consciousness is structurally intentional. It is always consciousness of something (object of knowledge)." Whose idea is represented in the above statement?

Husserl
Descartes
A. N. Whitehead
Aristotle

Correct Answer: (1) Husserl

View Solution

Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, emphasized the concept of intentionality in consciousness. According to him, consciousness is always directed towards an object, making it structurally intentional. This concept underpins his phenomenological framework, differentiating his philosophy from other thinkers like Descartes and Aristotle.

Question 19:

In Buddhist Philosophy, the knowledge gained from the words of Buddha is treated as valid knowledge within the category of:

Pratyakṣa
Anumāna
Śabda
Upamāna

Correct Answer: (3) Śabda

View Solution

In Indian philosophy, Śabda refers to verbal testimony or the reliable words of an authoritative person. In Buddhist philosophy, the words of Buddha are considered Śabda, as they are seen as authoritative and reliable sources of knowledge.

Question 20:

The flow of karmic particles towards the soul in Jaina ethics is called as:

Nirjara
Bandha
Samvara
Āsrava

Correct Answer: (4) Āsrava

View Solution

In Jain philosophy, Āsrava refers to the influx of karmic particles into the soul due to activities and passions. It is considered one of the essential processes in the bondage of the soul with karma, and its opposite, Samvara, is the stoppage of such influx.

Question 21:

Anupalabdhi is treated as an independent pramāṇa by:

Prabhākara
Gautama
Kumārila
Nāgārjuna

Correct Answer: (3) Kumārila

View Solution

Anupalabdhi, or the cognition of non-existence, is accepted as an independent pramāṇa (means of knowledge) in the philosophy of Mīmāṃsā, specifically by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa. It is used to perceive the absence of an object, such as recognizing that a table is not in the room. While Prabhākara does not treat it as an independent pramāṇa, Kumārila considers it vital for addressing non-existence.

Question 22:

Which of the following pramāṇas are accepted by Rāmānuja?

Comparison, Perception, and Verbal Testimony
Comparison, Perception, and Inference
Comparison, Perception, Inference, and Verbal Testimony
Perception, Inference, and Verbal Testimony

Correct Answer: (4) Perception, Inference, and Verbal Testimony

View Solution

Rāmānuja, a prominent proponent of the Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta school of Indian philosophy, accepts three pramāṇas as valid sources of knowledge: Perception (Pratyakṣa), Inference (Anumāna), and Verbal Testimony (Śabda). However, he does not consider Comparison (Upamāna) as a separate and independent means of knowledge, distinguishing his epistemological framework from others like Nyāya.

Question 23:

Which of the following pramāṇa is NOT accepted by Madhvācārya?

Perception
Inference
Verbal Testimony
Comparison

Correct Answer: (4) Comparison

View Solution

Madhvācārya, a proponent of Dvaita Vedānta, does not accept comparison (Upamāṇa) as a valid pramāṇa. He relies on three main pramāṇas: Perception (Pratyakṣa), Inference (Anumāna), and Verbal Testimony (Śabda).

Question 24:

The ‘Puruṣa Sūkta’, one of the hymns on creation, is contained in which Veda?

Sāma Veda
Yajur Veda
Ṛg Veda
Atharva Veda

Correct Answer: (3) Ṛg Veda

View Solution

The Puruṣa Sūkta, a hymn describing the cosmic being (Puruṣa), is found in the Ṛg Veda, specifically in the 10th Mandala. It outlines the creation of the universe and the social order.

Question 25:

Which school of philosophy states that in order to have proper knowledge there are bound to be some basic beliefs that have a positive epistemic status?

Foundationalism
Universalism
Coherentism
Rationalism

Correct Answer: (1) Foundationalism

View Solution

Foundationalism posits that certain basic beliefs form the foundation of knowledge and do not require justification from other beliefs. These foundational beliefs are self-evident, infallible, or evident to the senses.

Question 26:

Which school of philosophy states that for a belief to be justified (to be called knowledge), it must belong to a systematic set of beliefs?

Foundationalism
Phenomenalism
Epiphenomenalism
Coherentism

Correct Answer: (4) Coherentism

View Solution

Coherentism is a theory in epistemology that holds that beliefs are justified if they cohere with a system of interconnected beliefs, forming a consistent and systematic whole.

Question 27:

What is the name of the philosophical counterpoint which argues that in spite of fulfilling all the three conditions of 'Justified True Belief', we cannot guarantee proper and correct knowledge?

Category mistake
Gettier problem
Heisenberg problem
Sophie's puzzle

Correct Answer: (2) Gettier problem

View Solution

The Gettier problem challenges the definition of knowledge as "justified true belief" by presenting cases where these three conditions are met but cannot be considered true knowledge.

Question 28:

Name the philosopher who extensively discussed the difference between 'knowing how' and 'knowing that'.

Anthony Kenny
P. F. Strawson
Jean-Paul Sartre
Gilbert Ryle

Correct Answer: (4) Gilbert Ryle

View Solution

Gilbert Ryle's distinction between "knowing how" (practical knowledge) and "knowing that" (propositional knowledge) is a cornerstone in philosophy of mind and epistemology.

Question 29:

"Knowledge is not possible." Which school of philosophy propounds this view?

Scepticism
Anti-foundationalism
Contextualism
Perspectivism

Correct Answer: (1) Scepticism

View Solution

Scepticism is a philosophical viewpoint that questions the possibility of certain or absolute knowledge, often examining the limits and basis of human understanding.

Question 30:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) Coherence theory of truth	(I) Pierce
(B) Correspondence theory of truth	(II) Dummett
(C) Pragmatic theory of truth	(III) Tarski
(D) Semantic theory of truth	(IV) Aristotle

(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)
(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)

Correct Answer: (2) (A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)

View Solution

The Coherence theory of truth is associated with Pierce, the Correspondence theory of truth is linked with Tarski, Pragmatic theory with Dummett, and Semantic theory with Aristotle.

Question 31:

Which of the following concepts deals with the problem of cessation of life?

Surrogacy
Abortion
Euthanasia
Capital Punishment

Correct Answer: (4) Abortion, Euthanasia, and Capital Punishment

View Solution

The concepts of Abortion, Euthanasia, and Capital Punishment are directly related to the cessation of life. Surrogacy does not address this issue, as it pertains to reproduction and the creation of life.

Question 32:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
Deontology	Kant
Emotivism	Stevenson
Consequentialism	Bentham
Virtue Ethics	Aristotle

Correct Answer: Deontology - Kant, Emotivism - Stevenson, Consequentialism - Bentham, Virtue Ethics - Aristotle

View Solution

Deontology is associated with Kant, Emotivism with Stevenson, Consequentialism with Bentham, and Virtue Ethics with Aristotle. Each of these philosophical approaches has distinct ethical principles guiding their perspectives on moral actions and values.

Question 33:

According to the Cārvākas, which of the following puruṣārthas should be pursued together?

Dharma and Mokṣa
Dharma and Kāma
Artha and Mokṣa
Artha and Kāma

Correct Answer: (4) Artha and Kāma

View Solution

The Cārvāka school is materialistic and emphasizes only practical and sensual aspects of life, rejecting spiritual pursuits like Dharma and Mokṣa. They advocate for Artha (wealth) and Kāma (pleasure) as the primary goals of life.

Question 34:

According to the Advaita Vedānta School, perception of an illusory snake in a rope involves the theory of:

Adhyāsa
Smṛti
Viparyaya
Pramā

Correct Answer: (1) Adhyāsa

View Solution

The Advaita Vedānta School uses the concept of Adhyāsa (superimposition) to explain the misapprehension of a rope as a snake. This error arises due to ignorance (avidyā), causing the projection of a false perception onto reality.

Question 35:

Which of the following are included in the Pañcamahāvratas of Jainism?

Dharma, Satya, and Brahmacharya
Dharma, Satya, and Asteya
Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, and Aparigraha
Satya, Asteya, and Brahmacharya

Correct Answer: (4) Satya, Asteya, and Brahmacharya

View Solution

The Pañcamahāvratas (five great vows) of Jainism are:

Ahimsa (non-violence)
Satya (truthfulness)
Asteya (non-stealing)
Brahmacharya (celibacy)
Aparigraha (non-possession)

While Satya, Asteya, and Brahmacharya are included, Dharma is not part of the Pañcamahāvratas.

Question 36:

In Jainism, the word nāstika stands for one who does not believe in the -

Authority of God
Existence of Supernatural Beings
Authority of the King
Authority of the Vedas

Correct Answer: (4) Authority of the Vedas

View Solution

In Jainism, the term nāstika specifically refers to the rejection of the authority of the Vedas. Jain philosophy does not accept the Vedas as a source of ultimate knowledge and rejects their authority, which is central to the orthodox schools of Indian philosophy.

The term nāstika is often contrasted with āstika, which refers to those who accept the authority of the Vedas.

Question 37:

Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer:

List I	List II
Duḥkha	There is Suffering
Duḥkha-samudaya	There is a cause of suffering
Duḥkha-nirodha	There is cessation of Suffering
Duḥkha-nirodha-gāmini-pratipat	There is a way leading to cessation of Suffering

(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (4) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

View Solution

In the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism:

Duḥkha: There is suffering.
Duḥkha-samudaya: There is a cause of suffering.
Duḥkha-nirodha: There is cessation of suffering.
Duḥkha-nirodha-gāmini-pratipat: There is a way leading to the cessation of suffering.

Thus, the correct match is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II).

Question 38:

Which of the following belong to the kleśas recognized in the Yoga system of Philosophy?

Asmitā
Rāga
Viparyaya
Abhiniveśa

Correct Answer: (3) Asmitā, Rāga, Viparyaya, and Abhiniveśa

View Solution

In the Yoga system of Philosophy, the five kleśas (afflictions) are:

Avidyā (Ignorance)
Asmitā (Egoism)
Rāga (Attachment)
Dveṣa (Aversion)
Abhiniveśa (Fear of Death/Clinging to Life)

Thus, all the given options are part of the kleśas.

Question 39:

According to which school of Indian Philosophy the Vedas are authorless, eternal, and infallible?

Sāṃkhya
Nyāya
Buddhism
Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā

Correct Answer: (4) Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā

View Solution

The Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā school emphasizes the eternal and infallible nature of the Vedas. They consider the Vedas as apauruṣeya (not of human origin) and a source of valid knowledge (pramāṇa).

Question 40:

Name the fallacy present in the following argument:
"Sound is a quality, because it is visible."

Anupasaṃhāri
Satpratipakṣa
Viruddha
Svarūpasiddha

Correct Answer: (3) Viruddha

View Solution

The fallacy of Viruddha occurs when the reason provided contradicts the proposition. Here, claiming that sound is visible contradicts its fundamental nature as an auditory phenomenon.

Question 41:

Which of the following dharma states that moral obligation or commitment to perform a right conduct is dependent on how an individual rightfully performs the conduct considering the uniqueness of the given condition, and this act need not necessarily be in adherence to any given principle or value?

Varṇa dharma
Jāti dharma
Svadharma
Āpaddharma

Correct Answer: (4) Āpaddharma

View Solution

Āpaddharma refers to the rules of conduct that apply during emergencies, where actions may deviate from established norms to accommodate the unique circumstances.

Question 42:

Which philosopher states that "goodness is unconditionally good" and that it has the quality of universalizability?

Kant
Bentham
Sidgwick
Moore

Correct Answer: (1) Kant

View Solution

Immanuel Kant proposed that moral goodness is unconditional and must be universalizable, forming the basis of his categorical imperative.

Question 43:

Some of the twentieth-century philosophers who work on virtue ethics are also known, according to their focus of study, as:

Neo-Platonist
Neo-Aristotelian
Neo-Pythagorean
Neo-Kantian

Correct Answer: (2) Neo-Aristotelian

View Solution

Virtue ethics has been strongly influenced by the works of Aristotle. Modern philosophers who revive and develop Aristotle's focus on character and virtue in ethical theory are often referred to as Neo-Aristotelians.

Question 44:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
Punishment equivalent to grievance caused by person	Retributive punishment
To avoid future crime to be likely committed by other people	Deterrent punishment
For solidarity and defense of society at large	Reformatory punishment
Guided by principle of rehabilitation	Preventive punishment

(A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)
(A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (4) (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

View Solution

The correct matching is:

Punishment equivalent to grievance caused by person: Retributive punishment.
To avoid future crime to be likely committed by other people: Deterrent punishment.
For solidarity and defense of society at large: Reformatory punishment.
Guided by principle of rehabilitation: Preventive punishment.

Question 45:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
Virtue and character as primary attributes	Virtue ethics
Judgment of right or wrong through the result	Consequentialism
Ethical and value judgments as expression of feeling and attitude	Emotivism
Moral evaluation of conduct based on rules and principles	Deontology

(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (1) (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

View Solution

The correct matching is:

Virtue and character as primary attributes: Virtue ethics.
Judgment of right or wrong through the result: Consequentialism.
Ethical and value judgments as expression of feeling and attitude: Emotivism.
Moral evaluation of conduct based on rules and principles: Deontology.

Question 46:

Arrange these valid moods in proper sequence:

FERIO
CELARENT
BARBARA
DERII

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), (C), (D)
(C), (B), (A), (D)
(B), (A), (D), (C)
(C), (B), (D), (A)

Correct Answer: (4) (C), (B), (D), (A)

View Solution

The sequence of valid moods follows the order:

BARBARA (C) comes first as it represents a universal affirmative syllogism.
CELARENT (B) follows, indicating a universal negative syllogism.
DERII (D) comes next as it involves a particular affirmative.
FERIO (A) concludes as it represents a particular negative syllogism.

Thus, the correct sequence is (C), (B), (D), (A).

Question 47:

To see whether a hypothesis is true, derive some prediction from it. If the prediction is true, then the hypothesis is confirmed. If the prediction is false, then the hypothesis is disconfirmed. Which method does the above statement represent?

Hypothetical method
Hypothetico-inductive method
Hypothetico-deductive method
Hypothetico-scientific method

Correct Answer: (3) Hypothetico-deductive method

View Solution

The method described in the question aligns with the hypothetico-deductive approach, where hypotheses are tested by deducing consequences that can be observed or measured.

Question 48:

What is the contradiction of proposition 'A' in the Square of Opposition?

Correct Answer: (4) O

View Solution

In the Square of Opposition, the proposition 'A' (Universal Affirmative) is contradicted by 'O' (Particular Negative), as they cannot be true simultaneously.

Question 49:

According to the Nyāya system of Philosophy, in the production of knowledge, kāraṇa is:

The Extraordinary Cause (\textit{Asādhāraṇa Kāraṇa})
Ordinary Cause (\textit{Sādhāraṇa Kāraṇa})
A Definition (\textit{Lakṣaṇa})
Wrong Knowledge (\textit{Apramā})

Correct Answer: (1) The Extraordinary Cause (\textit{Asādhāraṇa Kāraṇa})

View Solution

In Nyāya philosophy, \textit{Asādhāraṇa Kāraṇa} refers to the specific cause that is unique and instrumental in the production of true knowledge.

Question 50:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
Avyāpti	When the definition does not cover any element of the target set.
Ativyāpti	When the definition goes beyond the elements of the target set.
Asambhava	When the definition does not cover all the elements of the target set.
Lakṣaṇa	When the definition does not suffer from any fallacy.

(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (1) (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)

View Solution

The correct matching is:

Avyāpti occurs when the definition does not cover any element of the target set.
Ativyāpti occurs when the definition extends beyond the elements of the target set.
Asambhava arises when the definition fails to cover all the elements of the target set.
Lakṣaṇa is achieved when the definition is precise and free from any logical fallacies.

Question 51:

In Advaita Vedānta, in case of a tree, svagata bheda refers to:

The difference between its branch and fruits
The difference between the tree and the other trees
The difference between the whole tree and its parts like fruit, flower, etc.
The difference between the tree and the land on which it stands

Correct Answer: (3) The difference between the whole tree and its parts like fruit, flower, etc.

View Solution

In Advaita Vedānta, svagata bheda refers to the internal difference within a single entity, such as the parts of a tree (branches, flowers, fruits) being different from the whole tree. This concept explains distinctions within the same substance.

Question 52:

According to the Nyāya system, in the process of production of valid knowledge, vyāpāra stands for:

That which is a cause but not an effect
That which is not a cause but an effect
That which is both a cause and an effect
That which is neither a cause nor an effect

Correct Answer: (1) That which is a cause but not an effect.

View Solution

In the Nyāya philosophy, vyāpāra denotes the operative cause that is instrumental in the production of valid knowledge. It emphasizes the cause that contributes to knowledge but is not itself an outcome or effect.

Question 53:

The definition of knowledge as, anadhigata-abādhita-artha-viṣayaka-jñānatvam:

Includes both memory and other valid sources of knowledge
Excludes memory and includes other valid sources of knowledge
Includes memory and excludes other valid sources of valid knowledge
Excludes both memory and other valid sources of knowledge

Correct Answer: (2) Excludes memory and includes other valid sources of knowledge.

View Solution

The definition anadhigata-abādhita-artha-viṣayaka-jñānatvam in Indian philosophy describes valid knowledge as that which pertains to a previously unknown object, is not sublated, and is derived from valid means of knowledge (pramāṇas). It excludes memory because memory does not meet these criteria.

Question 54:

According to Nimbārka, the three kinds of inanimate (matter) include:

Aprākṛta
Prākṛta
Kāla
Dveṣa

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(A), (C), and (D) only
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (2) (A), (B), and (C) only.

View Solution

According to Nimbārka’s philosophy, the three types of inanimate matter are:

Aprākṛta: The transcendental matter, beyond ordinary perception.
Prākṛta: The material or natural matter.
Kāla: Time, which influences and governs the material world.

Dveṣa (hatred) is considered a quality of sentient beings, not inanimate matter.

Question 55:

Which model of Logic does Śaṅkara use?

Anvaya-Vyatireka
Anvaya
Vyatireka-Vyatireka
Avyatireka-Samanvaya

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) only
(B) only
(C) only
(D) only

Correct Answer: (1) Anvaya-Vyatireka.

View Solution

Śaṅkara employs the Anvaya-Vyatireka model of logic, which is a method of reasoning using:

Anvaya: The method of agreement, affirming the presence of an effect when a cause is present.
Vyatireka: The method of difference, affirming the absence of an effect when a cause is absent.

This dual reasoning process helps in establishing causality and is central to Śaṅkara’s Advaita Vedānta philosophy.

Question 56:

The sequence of the avayavas in a typical Nyāya syllogism is:

Pratijñā
Upanaya
Hetu
Nigamana
Udāharaṇa

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(A), (C), (E), (B), (D)
(E), (B), (A), (D), (C)
(C), (B), (D), (A), (E)

Correct Answer: (2) (A), (C), (E), (B), (D)

View Solution

The five steps (avayavas) in a Nyāya syllogism follow this order:

Pratijñā: Proposition or statement to be established.
Hetu: Reason or cause.
Udāharaṇa: Example to support the reasoning.
Upanaya: Application of the example to the current case.
Nigamana: Conclusion or inference.

This systematic method ensures logical coherence in arguments.

Question 57:

What is a Venn Diagram?

A chart that represents relationships of subject and object in the four types of propositional statements.
An audio-visual representation of subject and predicate in the A and E statements.
An iconic representation of categorical propositions, and of arguments, to display their logical forms using overlapping circles.
A representation of the relationship of subject, predicate, and copula in the categorical propositions using overlapping circles.

Correct Answer: (3) An iconic representation of categorical propositions, and of arguments, to display their logical forms using overlapping circles.

View Solution

A Venn Diagram is a visual tool that uses overlapping circles to represent relationships between different categorical propositions and logical arguments. Each circle represents a set, and the overlapping areas signify shared properties or relationships.

Question 58:

Which of the following statements represent the nature of a probability judgement?

A probability judgement attributes a degree of probability to an event, to an effect, or to a thing's having some property.
A probability judgement attributes a way towards certainty to an event, to an effect, and to a thing's having some property.
A probability judgement highlights probable combinations of truth or falsity of an event, an effect, or a thing.
A probability judgement highlights a degree of probability in a propositional statement.

Correct Answer: (1) A probability judgement attributes a degree of probability to an event, to an effect, or to a thing's having some property.

View Solution

Probability judgements are concerned with attributing degrees of likelihood or probability to events, effects, or properties, rather than guaranteeing certainty. They form the basis of probabilistic reasoning in various disciplines.

Question 59:

Which of the following statements is true of Causal Reasoning?

Deductive reasoning in which the first premise acts as a cause for a consequent event as effect.
Deductive reasoning in which some effect is inferred from what is assumed to be its cause, but not the vice versa.
Inductive reasoning in which some effect is inferred from what is assumed to be its cause, or some cause is inferred from what is assumed to be its effect.
Inductive reasoning in which some cause is inferred from what is assumed to be its effect, but not vice versa.

Correct Answer: (3) Inductive reasoning in which some effect is inferred from what is assumed to be its cause, or some cause is inferred from what is assumed to be its effect.

View Solution

Causal reasoning is primarily inductive and involves reasoning from observed effects to possible causes, or vice versa. It is widely used in science, philosophy, and everyday reasoning.

Question 60:

What is the name of the above form of argument?

p → q
p
∴ q

Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Hypothetical Syllogism
Disjunctive Syllogism

Correct Answer: (1) Modus Ponens.

View Solution

The argument provided follows the form of Modus Ponens, which is a valid form of deductive reasoning. In this reasoning:

p → q  (If p, then q)
p      (p is true)
∴ q    (q is true as a result of p)

Modus Ponens affirms the antecedent (p) to conclude the consequent (q).

Question 61:

Prepare chronology of four waves of feminism as represented by these feminists:

Wendy Davis
Mary Wollstonecraft
Simone de Beauvoir
Rebecca Walker

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(D), (B), (C), (A)
(C), (B), (A), (D)
(B), (A), (D), (C)
(B), (C), (D), (A)

Correct Answer: (1) (D), (B), (C), (A)

View Solution

The four waves of feminism chronologically are:

Rebecca Walker: Third wave feminism.
Mary Wollstonecraft: First wave feminism.
Simone de Beauvoir: Second wave feminism.
Wendy Davis: Fourth wave feminism.

Understanding this sequence helps contextualize feminist thought across historical eras.

Question 62:

Who among these belong to the school of political liberalism?

J. S. Mill
John Rawls
Isaiah Berlin
Tom Bottomore

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(A), (B), (C), and (D)
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (2) (A), (B), and (C) only

View Solution

Political liberalism includes the works of:

J. S. Mill: Focused on individual liberty and harm principle.
John Rawls: Known for his theory of justice.
Isaiah Berlin: Advocated for pluralism and liberty.

Tom Bottomore, on the other hand, is associated with Marxist sociology.

Question 63:

Who among these spoke of justice?

Moritz Schlick
Plato
John Rawls
Amartya Sen

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(A), (B), (C), and (D)
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (4) (B), (C), and (D) only

View Solution

The following philosophers are known for their work on justice:

Plato: Discussed justice in his work "The Republic."
John Rawls: Developed the concept of justice as fairness.
Amartya Sen: Focused on justice through capability approach.

Moritz Schlick is associated with logical positivism and not justice.

Question 64:

Who among these worked for the eradication of social discrimination and exploitation?

Savitribai Phule
Periyar
Ambedkar
Tagore

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), and (D) only
(A), (B), and (C) only
(A), (B), (C), and (D)
(B), (C), and (D) only

Correct Answer: (2) (A), (B), and (C) only

View Solution

These individuals significantly contributed to social justice:

Savitribai Phule: Advocated for women's education and rights.
Periyar: Fought against caste discrimination.
Ambedkar: Championed Dalit rights and social equality.

Tagore focused on universal humanism and literature, not direct activism against social discrimination.

Question 65:

According to Ambedkar, which text contains the first reference to the caste system?

The Bhagavad Gita
The Manu Smṛti
The Ṛg Veda
The Mahābhārata

Correct Answer: (3) The Ṛg Veda

View Solution

According to Ambedkar, the earliest references to the caste system are found in the Ṛg Veda, where the varṇa system is initially mentioned. This text outlines the social stratification that later evolved into the caste system.

Question 66:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) Who were the Shudras?	(I) B. R. Ambedkar
(B) Religion of Man	(II) M. K. Gandhi
(C) Hind Swaraj	(III) Amartya Sen
(D) The Idea of Justice	(IV) R. N. Tagore

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (3) (A) - (I), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)

View Solution

Who were the Shudras? by B. R. Ambedkar.
Religion of Man: Written by R. N. Tagore.
Hind Swaraj: Authored by M. K. Gandhi.
The Idea of Justice: By Amartya Sen.

Question 67:

Who holds the view that "Eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind"?

R. N. Tagore
B. G. Tilak
M. K. Gandhi
Vivekananda

Correct Answer: (3) M. K. Gandhi

View Solution

Mahatma Gandhi emphasized the philosophy of non-violence and is famously associated with the statement, "Eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind." This reflects his commitment to peaceful resistance and justice.

Question 68:

According to B. R. Ambedkar, the Shudras in India were originally:

Brahmanas
Kṣatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras

Correct Answer: (2) Kṣatriyas

View Solution

According to B. R. Ambedkar, the Shudras were originally Kṣatriyas who were socially degraded due to historical conflicts and loss of power. This interpretation challenges traditional views of the caste system.

Question 69:

Who is the author of the book Philosophy of Hinduism?

Swami Vivekananda
Dayananda Saraswati
B. R. Ambedkar
Sri Aurobindo

Correct Answer: (3) B. R. Ambedkar

View Solution

B. R. Ambedkar authored Philosophy of Hinduism, a critical examination of Hindu philosophy and its social structures, particularly the caste system.

Question 70:

Match List I with List II:

List I	Authors/Thinkers	List II	Works/Concepts
(A)	M. K. Gandhi	(I)	Religion of Man
(B)	B. R. Ambedkar	(II)	Argumentative Indian
(C)	R. N. Tagore	(III)	Naiyā-Taleem
(D)	Amartya Sen	(IV)	Annihilation of Caste

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

Correct Answer: (3) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

View Solution

M. K. Gandhi: Naiyā-Taleem.
B. R. Ambedkar: Annihilation of Caste.
R. N. Tagore: Religion of Man.
Amartya Sen: Argumentative Indian.

Question 71:

Who among the following is the author of the book Freedom from the Known?

J. Krishnamurti
M. K. Gandhi
Sri Aurobindo
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

Correct Answer: (1) J. Krishnamurti

View Solution

The book Freedom from the Known is authored by J. Krishnamurti, an Indian philosopher and spiritual teacher. The book discusses themes related to self-discovery, freedom, and breaking free from conditioned thinking.

Question 72:

Match List I with List II:

List I	List II
(A) M. K. Gandhi	(I) Nyāya and Nīti
(B) R. N. Tagore	(II) Caste based discrimination
(C) B. R. Ambedkar	(III) Sarvodaya
(D) Amartya Sen	(IV) Surplus in Man

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (I), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Correct Answer: (3) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

View Solution

The correct matches are:

(A) M. K. Gandhi - Sarvodaya (universal upliftment).
(B) R. N. Tagore - Surplus in Man, discussing human potential.
(C) B. R. Ambedkar - Caste-based discrimination, highlighting his reformist works.
(D) Amartya Sen - Nyāya and Nīti, analyzing justice and fairness.

Question 73:

Who among the following believed that democracy is the rule of mob and, thus, the worst form of governance?

Socrates
Plato
Augustine
Mill

Correct Answer: (2) Plato

View Solution

Plato criticized democracy as the rule of the masses or the "rule of mob." He argued that it often led to chaotic governance due to the lack of expertise among rulers. Instead, he advocated for governance led by philosopher kings.

Question 74:

Who among the following argues that justice can be achieved only when 'unfreedom' like poverty, illiteracy, exploitation, etc., are overcome?

John Rawls
Ronald Dworkin
Amartya Sen
Jeremy Bentham

Correct Answer: (3) Amartya Sen

View Solution

Amartya Sen, in his capability approach, emphasized the elimination of 'unfreedoms' like poverty and illiteracy to achieve justice. His framework highlights individual empowerment as essential for social justice.

Question 75:

Who among the following argued that positive liberty and negative liberty are not merely two distinct concepts, but these can be not only opposed but also incompatible to a single political ideal?

Bernard Williams
Jeremy Bentham
J. S. Mill
Isaiah Berlin

Correct Answer: (4) Isaiah Berlin

View Solution

Isaiah Berlin, in his essay "Two Concepts of Liberty," explored positive and negative liberty. He highlighted their differences and argued that they can be incompatible in practice, representing conflicting political ideals.

*The article might have information for the previous academic years, please refer the official website of the exam.

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