What is the void ratio of a soil sample if its porosity is 25%?

• (A) 0.25
• (B) 0.33
• (C) 0.50
• (D) 0.75

Where does the maximum bending stress occur in a simply supported beam?

• (A) At supports
• (B) At mid-span
• (C) At quarter span
• (D) At free end

Which structural element ideally carries only axial forces?

• (A) Beam
• (B) Column
• (C) Truss member
• (D) Slab

Define the hydraulic radius in terms of wetted perimeter and area.

• (A) \(R = \frac{P}{A}\)
• (B) \(R = \frac{A}{P}\)
• (C) \(R = A \times P\)
• (D) \(R = \frac{1}{AP}\)

What is the approximate unit weight of water used in hydraulic calculations?

• (A) \(9.81 kN/m^3\)
• (B) \(1.0 kN/m^3\)
• (C) \(100 kN/m^3\)
• (D) \(0.98 kN/m^3\)

In laminar flow through pipes, the Reynolds number is typically less than what value?

• (A) 500
• (B) 1000
• (C) 2000
• (D) 4000

What is the effect of soil compaction on its shear strength?

• (A) Decreases shear strength
• (B) No effect
• (C) Increases shear strength
• (D) Makes it zero

Which assumption states that a plane section remains plane before and after bending?

• (A) Hooke’s Law
• (B) Bernoulli’s assumption
• (C) Pascal’s Law
• (D) Newton’s Law

Calculate the maximum exit gradient for soil with a specific gravity of 2.5 and porosity of 0.35 to prevent piping failure.

• (A) 0.92
• (B) 1.15
• (C) 0.75
• (D) 1.50

Which method is used to determine the collapse load in structural analysis?

• (A) Working Stress Method
• (B) Limit State Method
• (C) Plastic Analysis Method
• (D) Finite Element Method

What is the primary purpose of the uniqueness theorem in elastic analysis?

• (A) To determine material properties
• (B) To ensure a unique solution for given boundary conditions
• (C) To calculate stresses directly
• (D) To simplify equations

For a saturated soil mass, how is shear strength calculated using effective stress parameters?

• (A) \(\tau = c + \sigma \tan \phi\)
• (B) \(\tau = c' + \sigma' \tan \phi'\)
• (C) \(\tau = \sigma \tan \phi\)
• (D) \(\tau = c' + \sigma \tan \phi'\)