What is the Thevenin equivalent voltage across a load in an open-circuited network?

• (A) Short-circuit current
• (B) Open-circuit voltage
• (C) Load voltage
• (D) Internal resistance

Which semiconductor device is primarily used as a voltage regulator?

• (A) LED
• (B) Zener diode
• (C) Photodiode
• (D) Transistor

Calculate the Nyquist rate for a signal with a maximum frequency component of 5 kHz.

• (A) 5 kHz
• (B) 10 kHz
• (C) 2.5 kHz
• (D) 20 kHz

How many flip-flops are required to build a MOD-16 counter?

• (A) 2
• (B) 3
• (C) 4
• (D) 5

Which type of power amplifier has the highest theoretical efficiency?

• (A) Class A
• (B) Class B
• (C) Class AB
• (D) Class C

In a Common Emitter (CE) configuration, what is the phase shift between input and output?

• (A) 0\(^\circ\)
• (B) 90\(^\circ\)
• (C) 180\(^\circ\)
• (D) 270\(^\circ\)

What is the relationship between the bandwidth and the Q-factor in a resonant circuit?

• (A) \(Q = BW\)
• (B) \(Q = f_0/BW\)
• (C) \(Q = BW^2\)
• (D) \(Q = BW/f_0\)

Which Maxwell’s equation represents Faraday’s Law of Induction?

• (A) \(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\)
• (B) \(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 0\)
• (C) \(\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}\)
• (D) \(\nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0\mathbf{J} + \mu_0\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}\)

A MOSFET operates in the saturation region when the gate-to-source voltage exceeds what?

• (A) Drain voltage
• (B) Threshold voltage
• (C) Source voltage
• (D) Gate voltage

What is the Z-transform of a unit impulse function \(\delta[n]\)?

• (A) \(z\)
• (B) \(1/z\)
• (C) 1
• (D) \(1/(1-z^{-1})\)

Which modulation technique is more immune to noise: AM or FM?

• (A) AM
• (B) FM
• (C) Both equally
• (D) None

In digital logic, what is the dual of the OR operation?

• (A) NOT
• (B) AND
• (C) XOR
• (D) NAND

What is the characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission line?

• (A) \(\sqrt{R/G}\)
• (B) \(\sqrt{L/C}\)
• (C) \(R/L\)
• (D) \(G/C\)